§ Previous
unsuccessful explanations: Adoptionism; Modalism
§ 318:
Arius offers explanation of Trinity at council in
§ Athanasius
of Alexandria (296-373): Arianism's main opponent
§ Council
of Nicea (325): 1st Ecumenical Council--addressed Arius & the
Trinity
§ Debate
over homoousias
("of the same essence") & homoiousias ("of like essence")
§ Nicea decides for homoousias;
many still favored homoiousias--failed
to resolve the issue
End of Arianism
& Cappadocians
1. 325-37:
Nicea to deat of
2. 337-61:
Rule of Constantius--Arianism
favored
3. 361-81:
Revival of Nicene thinking
§ Holy
Spirit added to discussion
§ Formula: 3 hypostases (entities/persons) in 1 ousia (essence/substance)
Cappadocian Fathers
·
Basil of Caesarea (d. 379); Gregory of Nyssa (d. 394); Gregory of Nazianzus (d. ca. 390)
·
Julian the Apostate (emp. 361-63)
·
To Young Men on the Value of Greek Literature; Catechetical Oration
The
1st Council of
§ 379:
Theodosius becomes Emperor: makes Christianity official religion; paganism
outlawed; favors Nicene Christianity--Arianism
outlawed
§ Theodosius
calls Council of Constantinople to reaffirm Nicea:
adds Holy Spirit and clarifies
§ Council
also decides first Christological controversy: how is Christ both human and
divine?
§ Appollinaris: humanity= flesh; no human soul--replaced by word of God: not
sufficiently human
Christian Monasticism and
Asceticism
§ Antony
(ca. 250-356): becomes the "first monk" in 269
§ Athanasius'
Life of Antony vs. the Letters of Antony
§ Anchoritic
vs. Cenobitic monasticism: Pachomius
(ca. 286-346); monastic "rules"
§ Benedict
of Nursia (480-550): beginings
of Western monasticism: Monte Cassino
Saints
and Relics
·
Mediation & Intercession
·
Angels intercede: Zach 1.12-13; Job 33.22-26
·
Humans intercede: Gen., 20. 7, 17; Job, 42.8;
Luke 16
·
Martyr to Monk; Relics
·
Jesus seems welcoming of women;
·
Paul—“neither male nor female”; veiling
·
Phoebe-“minister”; Junia-“apostle”;
women as prophets
·
Split in Pauline Christianity: Pastorals
& Thecla
·
Order of Widows: “virgins called widows”
·
Women and Asceticism
Augustine of Hippo (354-430)
§ Life: Confessions; Manicheanism
§ Milan
& Ambrose; converts to Christianity in 386
§ Controversy
with Pelagius: Free will and Original Sin (410-430)
§ Marriage
and Virginity: Virginity better, but marriage good
The
Council of
§ 2nd
Christological controversy: Nestorius (Patriarch of Constantinople, 428)
§ Nest.
strongly separated Christ's divinity & humanity: a split personality
§ Titles
for the Virgin Mary: "Theotokos" (God-bearer) vs. "Christotokos" (Christ-bearer)
§ Opponents
of Nestorius: Empress Pulcheria & Cyril
(Patriarch) of
§ Third
council condemns Nestorius, endorses Theotokos: unity of subject in Christ
emphasized
The
Council of Chalcedon (451; 4th Ecumenical Council)
§ Eutyches: Christ's divine nature absorbed his human nature: not sufficiently human
§ 448:
local council condemns Eutyches; 449: Dioscorus (Patriarch) of Alexandria has a council at
Ephesus defend him; declared doctrine of one divine nature in Christ="Monophysitism"
§ Pope
Leo opposed, but emperor Theodosius II supported
§ 28 July
450: Theodosius dies; Pulcheria obtains power; calls
council of Chalcedon
§ Chalcedonian
Definition: "two natures joined in one hypostasis (entity/person)"
§ Anti-Chalcedonian
riots in Jerusalem and Alexandria; resistence in
Egypt, Syria, Palestine
§
“Monophysites”; “Diophysites”;
Neo-Chacedonians
§
Zeno (emp. 474-75; 476-91); Basiliscus (emp.
475-91); Henotikon
§
Anastasius
(491-518); Justin (emp. 518-27); Justinian (emp. 527-65); Theodora
§ Theopaschism: The Suffering of God: 533
§
2nd Council of Constantinople (5th ecumenical
council); condemns “3 Chapters”
§
Theodore of Mopsuestia (ca. 350-428) – impt. influence on Nestorius
§ Theodoret of Cyrrhus (393-460); Ibas of Edessa (bp. 435-457) – later
sympathizers with Nestorius
§ Aphthartodocetism: Christ had incorruptible body—not fully human
§ Birth
of “Monophysite” church: Jacob Baraddeus,
§ Today
in
§ Nationalism?;
Persecution of Anti-Chalcedonians
Christianity and the Fall of
Barbarians
& the Western Roman Empire
§ Theodosius
I redivides empire, East & West (395): different
fates
§ 476:
Fall of Rome; 1453: Fall of Roman/Byzantine Empire
§ The
Goths:
pushed into Roman Empire by Huns: 370s; allowed to settle in Roman Empire;
revolt
§ Battle
of Adrianople (378): Goths defeat Romans; 410 Goths sack Rome; settle in Italy,
Spain
§ The
Vandals:
407 crossed the Rhine; 429 N. Africa; 431 Carthage; 455 sacked Rome; ruled N.
Africa until 533
§ 476:
last Western Roman emperor deposed; “replaced” by Barbarian kingdoms; Barbarian
rulers were Arians
§ Gaul/France: Burgundians
(South/Arians) & Franks (North/Pagans); Meroveus/
Merovingians
§ Clovis:
conversion 496; orthodox, not Arian
The
Rise of the Papacy
§ Bishop
Stephen I—255
§ 382—Pope
Damasus
§ Leo the
Great (440-61); convinced Atilla the Hun not to sack
§ Byzantine
reconquest of
§ Gregory
the Great (540-604;
Pope from 590): negotiated peace with
§ Extended
authority: converted
Early Christianity outside
the
§
§ Christianity
in
§ Persian
Christians=“Nestorian”—rejected
§ Nestorian
missions: central Asian/Huns, early 6th cent
§
§
§
§
§ 602:
Persia conquers much of Eastern Empire
§ 622: Heraclius
(610-41) begins reconquest; 628 captures Persian
capital
§ Attempts
to restore religious unity: Monothelitism (“one-will”)-official “orthodoxy” 633
§ 6th
Ecumenical council condemns: Constantinople III (681); Maronites/Lebanon
§
Maximus: 655 tried for treason, mutilated; exiled to Lazica (Georgia)
§
Deification / Theosis: John 10:34-5; 2 Peter
1.4; John 17.21; Romans 8.19-22
§ Islam: Muhammad (570-632):
§ Began
conquests, jihad; 644: Persia destroyed; Byzantium seriously diminished
§ 635-Damascus;
638-Jerusalem &