Cluny & Monastic Reform

 

·         Lay investiture contributed to lax monastic practice: widespread

·         Duke William of Aquitaine (France): Monastery at Cluny—Seedbed of Reform movement

·         Cistercians—1098; Trappists

 

Investiture Controversy

 

  • 1046: Henry III emperor (1046-1056)
  • 3 rival Popes in Rome: Benedict IX; Silvester III; Gregory VI
  • Henry III resolves: Synod of Sutri—1046—appoints Leo IX (1049-54)
  • Leo from monastic reform party: sought to reform church—especially lay investiture

 

  • 1059: Cardinals given authority to chose Popes: Kept Papacy in reform hands

 

  • Cardinal Humbert (1049-61)—leader of radical reformers-Three Books against Simoniacs (1058)

 

·         Pope Gregory VII / Hildebrand (1073-85)

·         Greatest reform Pope: fought lay investiture and clerical marriage

 

·         1075: Conflict of Hildebrand & Henry IV (1056-1106)

·         Henry IV challenges Pope over lay investiture

·         Hildebrand issues interdict; excommunicates Henry IV

·         January 1077: Canossa—Henry IV repents—but issue unresolved

 

·         1080-81—new conflict between Henry IV and Hildebrand—Henry victorious

 

·         Henry V (1106-1125) & Pope Paschal II (1099-1118)

·         Paschal II: Lay investiture=excommunication

·         Henry V invades: forces Paschal to compromise

·         Both clergy and nobility reject

 

·         Concordat of Worms: 1122—resolves issue

·         Church appoints clergy; secular authorities confer land and political power

 

The Great Schism—Separation between Eastern and Western Church

 

·         Differences already visible in 5th century

·         Intensify in the 8th

 

Issues:

 

1.        Filioque

·         Beginning with Charlemagne, increasing Western usage

·         Rome adopts 1000

2.        Papal Claims: “First among equals”

·         Pope claims authority over all Christendom: East doesn’t recognize

·         Rome and Photius

3.        Liturgical Differences

·         Around 1000: Try to impose on each other; Normans in S. Italy

·         Use of leavened bread at Eucharist

 

1054—“Traditional” date of separation

·         Cardinal Humbert—Papal ambassador

·         Pope & Patriarch excommunicate each other

Crusades—Sealed the separation of the two churches

 

·         Turks—Battle of Manzikert—1071

 

·         1095: Pope Urban II calls for Crusades

·         Crusaders converge at Constantinople: “1st Crusade”

·         1097: Take the Turkish capital at Nicea

·         1098: Antioch

·         1099: Jerusalem

 

Crusader Kingdoms: Jerusalem, Antioch, Edessa, Tripoli

 

3 More “Crusades”

·         2nd—Loss of NE Syria (Edessa) to Muslims in 1144

·         3rd—Kingdom of Jerusalem Falls to Salah ed-Din in 1187; Akko/Acre

·         4th—Diverted to Constantinople in 1204

·         Alexius: Deposed Byzantine Emperor

·         Western Crusaders pillage Constantinople

·         Crusaders take over much of the Byzantine Empire

·         1261: Byzantines regain empire—Never forgave westerners—Division hardened

·         Byzantine Empire greatly diminished: Slow decline until 1453—Constantinople falls to Turks

 

Scholasticism: Revival of Theology—Begins 11th century

 

·         Cathedral Schools: Became universities

·         Commercial Revolution

·         Rise of Towns

 

Anselm of Canterbury (1033-1109; Archbishop of Canturbury, 1093)

 

·         “Faith seeking understanding”: “I believe in order that I might understand”

·         The Ontological Argument for the Existence of God

·         The Proslogion

·         Opposed by Guanilo

·         The Purpose of the Incarnation

·         Incarnational Theory (Early Christianity; Eastern Christianity)

·         The “Ransom” Theory of the Atonement (Traditional)

·         The “Satisfaction” Theory of the Atonement (Anselm)

 

Abelard (1079-1142)

 

·         Taught in Cathedral School of Paris

·         Heloise

·         Sic et non (“Yes and No”)

·         Dialogue: between Jew, Christian, and Philosopher

·         “I understand in order that I might believe”

·         Universals: Realism & Nominalism

·         Bernard of Clairvaux (1090-1153)

 

The Mendicant Orders: Franciscans & Dominicans

 

Mendicant=“beggar”—lived in the world, not monasteries

 

Francis (1182-1226) & the Franciscans (OFM)

 

§         Early life: wealthy & frivolous; 1208 has a conversion-embraces poverty

§         Devotes life to preaching to the people and helping the poor

§         Pope Innocent III recognizes his followers as an order; grew rapidly; strong missionary emphasis

§         “Poor Clares”=a related group for women

§         Francis prohibited both individual and collective property: debate between “Spirituals” & “Moderates”

 

Dominic (1170-1221) & the Dominicans (OP)

 

§         Emphasized education more than poverty: organized to combat heresy

§         Poverty important to match the austerity of Cathar leaders

 

Thomas Aquinas (1225-74): Most influential theologian of the Western middle ages

 

·         1244: Begins studies at University of Paris with Albert the Great

·         The discovery of Aristotle

·         New emphasis on using reason and sense experience to discover truth

·         Aquinas’ 5 arguments for the existence of God

·         Movement

·         Causality

·         Contingency

·         Perfection

·         Teleology

·         6 December 1273 (yr. before death)—mystical experience

 

Mysticism:

 

·         Ps.-Dionysius the Areopogite—ca. 500

·         Meister Eckhart (1260-1328); accused of heresy 1326

·         Julian of Norwich (1342-1416); Anchoress (Anchorite)

·         May 1373: 16 Mystical Visions

·         Revelations of Divine Love written after 20 yrs of reflection on these

·         The problem of sin and divine punishment; Christ as mother

 

Medieval Heresies

 

Peter Waldo (d. 1218) & the Waldensians: Lyons, France

 

§         Social reform: criticized wealth (of church especially)

§         Preached to poor; used local dialect

 

Dualist Heresies: “gnostic”

 

Paulicians

§         ca. 700 in Armenia

§         2 gods; like Marcion; docetists

 

Bogomils

§         9th cent.: Paulician missionaries in Bulgaria; founder=Bogomil ca. 930-40

§         1 god, 2 sons; one son, Satan, rebels & creates material world; 2nd son=Christ

§         Matter=evil; docetists; rejected marriage & sexuality; no matter in worship; vegetarians

§         Significant in 11th & 12th cent. Byzantium

§         Spreads to Serbia & Bosnia: dominant form of Christianity in Bosnia before Turkish conquest (ca. 1500)

 

Cathars—“the Pure”; also known as Albigenses

§         Dualist Christians in West; spread from the East—Italy ca. 1000; France ca. 1100

§         2 gods; human spirit trapped in matter; docetism; rejected marriage & sex; severe fasting; reincarnation

§         Like Manicheans—division between “Perfect” and “Believers”; the “Consolamentum”

§         Austere lifestyle inspired respect –especially in comparison with corrupt church

§         Subject of a “crusade” in 1209—disappear by 1320