The English Reformation

Background: Britain/Spain/Empire vs. Scotland/France

· Henry VII: 1485=King; son Arthur marries Catherine of Aragon (daughter of Ferdinand & Isabella of Spain)

· Arthur dies 4 months later; Catherine married to Henry VIII (new heir)—against canon law—special dispensation from Pope

· Daughter: Mary Tudor; Catherine 40 & no male heir; Henry VIII wanted annulment

· Pope couldn’t grant: politics—Catherine’s nephew=Holy Roman Emperor Charles V (1519-56)

· Thomas Cranmer: let professors of canon law & theology decide: sided with Henry VIII

· 1533 Henry married Anne Boleyn: daughter-Elizabeth

· 1534 Parliament 1) declared marriage invalid 2) Mary Tudor=illegitimate 3) King=head of English church

· Under Henry—limited reform-basically Catholic but no Pope; no monks—Henry had opposed reformers

· Many advocated further reform—esp. remnants of Wycliffe’s movement; others opposed: Sir Thomas More

· 1536 son Edward by Jane Seymour; 3 more wives, no male heirs

· 1547 Edward king; died 6 yrs later at 17—never really ruled (regents); period of much reform—clergy married; images removed from churches

· Book of Common Prayer (1549)—English liturgy; rev. ed. 1552—strong Zwinglian influence

· 1553 Mary Tudor: devoutly Catholic—her legitimacy depended on it—attempted to restore Catholicism

· Protestants executed, including Cranmer: “Bloody Mary”

· 1558 Elizabeth: Protestant—her legitimacy depended on it; restored Protestantism

· Protestant leaders return from Switzerland—contact w/ ideas of Zwingli, Calvin

· Elizabeth=moderate reforms—sought unity in worship; latitude for theological differences; via media

Scotland

· John Knox (1513-72)=leader—supported by pro-English Scottish nobles

· Exile in Switzerland under Mary Tudor (lost English support): in Geneva w/ Calvin, Zurich w/ Zwingli’s successor

· 1558 returned; organized Scottish Reformed Church—Calvinist theology & organization; Presbyterians

The Catholic Reformation

· Attempts to reform church and responds to Protestants—esp. in Spain

· Humanists - Erasmus of Rotterdam (1466-1536)

· Theresa of Avila (1515-1582): new, stricter monastic orders for men and women

· Ignatius Loyola (1491-1556): Jesuits—new order—emphasized education for missions and to combat heresy; Spiritual Exercises

· Non-cloistered (like mendicants); special vow to obey Pope: Pope used to combat Protestants

· Council of Trent (1545-63): aimed to reform church and answer Protestants-shaped Catholicism until Vatican II

· Reforms: 1) condemned pluralism and absenteeism 2) regulated indulgences 3) standards for training priests 4) promoted study of Aquinas

· Against Protestants: 1) Tradition & Scripture equal 2) 7 sacraments 3) salvation through grace & works 4) free will

Protestant Expansion

Germany

· 1532 – Peace of Nuremberg

· Emperor Charles V; League of Schmalkald; League of Nuremberg

· Philip of Hesse

· Augsburg Interim; Leipzig Interim; Philip Melanchthon

· Ferdinand I (1558)

Scandinavia

· Christian II; Frederick I

· 1527 – Diet of Odense

· Gustavus Vasa: 1521 – entered Stockholm; 1523 king of Sweden (1523-60)

· 1527 – Diet of Vasteras

· 1593 – Sweden formally accepted Lutheranism

Low Countries-Holland, Belgium, Luxemborg

· Hapsburg; Charles V; Philip II

· 1567 – Duke of Alba; Requesens

· 1576 – Pacification of Ghent

· 1607 – Spain gives up

France

· Francis I

· 1539 – Huguenots

· Navarre

· Francis I dies 1547 – succeeded by Henry II

· Catherine de Medici – Francis II; Charles IX; Henry III

· Henry Bourbon; 1598 – Edict of Nantes

Wars of Religion

30 Years War

· Peace of Augsburg – 1555

· 1606 – Donauworth – Bavaria

· Duke Maximillian; Evangelical Union; Catholic League

· Bohemia; Huss – Hussites

· Defenestration of Prague – 23 May 1618

· Frederick of the Palatinate

· Gustavus Adolphus (1611-32) – King of Sweden

· Peace of Westphalia – 1648

France

· Henry IV – Edict of Nantes – 1598; assassinated 1610

· Louis XIII (1610-43); 1622 – Cardinal Richelieu

· Louis XIV (1643-1715); 1685 – Edict of Fontainebleau

· 1787 – Louis XVI – religious tolerance

The Puritan Revolution

· James I (1603-25); Mary Stuart, Scotland

· Presbyterians; Independents/Congregationalists; Baptists; Separatists

· Charles I (1625-49); Archbishop William Laud (1633)

· Oliver Cromwell (1653-60) – Lord Protector; “Roundheads”

· Charles II (1660-85); James II (1685-88)

· 1688 – Prince William of Orange & Mary; 1689 – religious tolerance